{"id":6705,"date":"2017-08-15T05:15:57","date_gmt":"2017-08-15T05:15:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ibpsych.themantic-education.com\/?p=6705"},"modified":"2020-09-01T11:44:36","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T02:44:36","slug":"lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/15\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson Idea: Understanding conclusions from studies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>For years I underestimated just how complex psychology studies are at first glance for brand new IB Psychology students, so I&#8217;ve made a deliberate effort in my new course to have a real gradual introduction into studies. <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/store.themantic-education.com\/collections\/ib-psychology\/products\/ib-psychology-a-revision-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-12211 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande.jpg?resize=222%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"222\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande.jpg?resize=222%2C300&amp;ssl=1 222w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande.jpg?resize=100%2C135&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande.jpg?w=443&amp;ssl=1 443w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 222px) 100vw, 222px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this activity, I like to have students in groups of three to four. They are given<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> four studies from the criminology unit (summaries can be found below) and they have 15 minutes to be able to write a <\/span><b><i>one sentence<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> conclusion about each study. How they divide the work is completely up to them. They could work through them together as one group, take on each and figure it out and then explain it, it doesn&#8217;t matter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>What I do tell students is that I will be randomly calling on students for their conclusion from the studies, so they need to make sure that they comprehend each study&#8217;s basic conclusion.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this activity it might pay to briefly explain that the conclusion from an experiment is how an IV is affecting a DV (I allow some space in my workbook for some scaffolding with this).\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Read more:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lesson one on how to &#8220;explain&#8221; a study (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/05\/11\/lesson-one-on-how-to-explain-a-study\/\">link<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><strong>This lesson idea is designed to go with the Introductory chapter, Topic 1.2 (b), Applying Conclusions (Download FREE Introduction to Psychology Teacher Support Pack <a href=\"https:\/\/store.themantic-education.com\/collections\/ib-psychology\/products\/free-preview-ib-psychology-teacher-support-pack-introduction-to-psychology\">HERE<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Grafman et al. on the brain and aggression<\/h3>\n<p>In this study there were three groups that were compared in order to study the effects of brain damage on aggression. There were three groups in the study:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Veterans with damage to their frontal lobes<\/li>\n<li>Veterans with damage to other areas of their brains<\/li>\n<li>Veterans with no damage to their brains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Their levels of aggression was measured by having the participants fill out questionnaires asking about their behaviour, and their family members also filled out questionnaires.<\/p>\n<p>The results showed that the group with damage to their frontal lobes were the most aggressive.<\/p>\n<h3>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/04\/key-study-brain-damage-and-violence-graftman-et-al-1996\/\">More info<\/a>)<\/h3>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-775 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/101psychcom.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?resize=264%2C183\" alt=\"us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war\" width=\"264\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?w=834&amp;ssl=1 834w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?resize=300%2C208&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?resize=768%2C533&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Albert et al. on testosterone and aggression in rats<\/h3>\n<p>To find out if the hormone testosterone influences aggression, this study involved castrating (removing testicles) of male rats. Because testosterone is produced in the testes, castration would reduce testosterone levels.<\/p>\n<p>In this experiment the groups that were castrated were compared to a control group (not castrated). The results showed that the castrated rats&#8217; levels of aggression were reduced. When they were injected with testosterone their levels of aggression were restored.<\/p>\n<h3>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/02\/key-study-testosterone-and-aggression-in-rats-albert-et-al-1986\/\">More info<\/a>)<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_5962\" style=\"width: 284px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5962\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5962\" src=\"https:\/\/101psychcom.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?resize=274%2C202\" alt=\"Curious white rat looking out of a cage (selective focus on the rat head)\" width=\"274\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?w=3700&amp;ssl=1 3700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?resize=300%2C221&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?resize=768%2C567&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?resize=1024%2C756&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?w=1572&amp;ssl=1 1572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-136695083.jpg?w=2358&amp;ssl=1 2358w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-5962\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Castrating animals reduces their levels of aggression as it prevents the production of testosterone. This has been observed in numerous rat (and other animal) studies.<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Passamonti et al. on the influence of serotonin on the brain<\/h3>\n<p>Serotonin is a neurotransmitter (a chemical in the brain) that has been shown to be involved in numerous behaviours, including impulsive behaviour and aggression. In order to see if serotonin affects specific parts of the brain, these researchers gave participants two different drinks on two different days. One of the drinks was designed to reduce serotonin while the other was a placebo (i.e. there was no effect). After they drank the drink, they were put in a brain scanner and their brain activity was measured while they were viewing emotional faces.<\/p>\n<p>The results showed that when the participants drank the drink that reduced serotonin their was a reduction in the activity in a part of their brain called the prefrontal cortex.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5952\" style=\"width: 313px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5952\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5952\" src=\"https:\/\/101psychcom.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?resize=303%2C303\" alt=\"3D render of a medical image showing brain in male figure with f\" width=\"303\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/08\/bigstock-d-render-of-a-medical-image-s-115710470.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-5952\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Correlations between serotonin and impulsive actions might be explained through the influence of serotonin depletion on the function of the prefrontal cortex.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/02\/key-study-serotonin-tryptophan-and-the-brain-passamonti-et-al-2012\/\">More info<\/a>)<\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Bandura and the effects of observation of violence<\/h3>\n<p>There has been a long-standing debate as to the effects of watching violent media (e.g. TV). Bandura conducted an experiment to observe the effects of watching violent TV or even just watching other people being violent.<\/p>\n<p>In one of his studies, he observed children around 3 &#8211; 5 years old. There were four groups of children in the study:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>One group watched an adult beating up an inflatable doll<\/li>\n<li>One group watched a video of an adult beating up the inflatable doll<\/li>\n<li>One group watched a video of an adult dressed as a cat beating up the doll (to simulate &#8220;fantasy&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li>One group didn&#8217;t watch anything<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After watching (or not, as was the case in the control condition), the children were placed in a room and their violent behaviours were observed. The results of the study showed that the children who watched violence of some sort demonstrated a lot more aggressive actions than those who didn&#8217;t watch anything.<\/p>\n<h3>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dmBqwWlJg8U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More info &#8211; <\/a>this will take you to a video of this study)<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"product-component-e21125d72fd\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n    \/*<![CDATA[*\/ (function () { var scriptURL = 'https:\/\/sdks.shopifycdn.com\/buy-button\/latest\/buy-button-storefront.min.js'; if (window.ShopifyBuy) { if (window.ShopifyBuy.UI) { ShopifyBuyInit(); } else { loadScript(); } } else { loadScript(); } function loadScript() { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = true; script.src = scriptURL; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(script); script.onload = ShopifyBuyInit; } function ShopifyBuyInit() { var client = ShopifyBuy.buildClient({ domain: 'j-whiskey.myshopify.com', storefrontAccessToken: 'd99ed07f4c7305c3f33bbbcf2125236a', }); ShopifyBuy.UI.onReady(client).then(function (ui) { ui.createComponent('product', { id: [8873061505], node: document.getElementById('product-component-e21125d72fd'), moneyFormat: '%24%7B%7Bamount%7D%7D%20USD', options: { \"product\": { \"buttonDestination\": \"checkout\", \"variantId\": \"all\", \"contents\": { \"imgWithCarousel\": false, \"variantTitle\": false, \"description\": false, \"buttonWithQuantity\": false, \"quantity\": false }, \"text\": { \"button\": \"BUY NOW\" }, \"styles\": { \"product\": { \"@media (min-width: 601px)\": { \"max-width\": \"100%\", \"margin-left\": \"0\", \"margin-bottom\": \"50px\" } }, \"button\": { \"background-color\": \"#19c6a6\", \":hover\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" }, \":focus\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" } }, \"compareAt\": { \"font-size\": \"12px\" } } }, \"cart\": { \"contents\": { \"button\": true }, \"styles\": { \"button\": { \"background-color\": \"#19c6a6\", \":hover\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" }, \":focus\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" } }, \"footer\": { \"background-color\": \"#ffffff\" } } }, \"modalProduct\": { \"contents\": { \"img\": false, \"imgWithCarousel\": true, \"variantTitle\": false, \"buttonWithQuantity\": true, \"button\": false, \"quantity\": false }, \"styles\": { \"product\": { \"@media (min-width: 601px)\": { \"max-width\": \"100%\", \"margin-left\": \"0px\", \"margin-bottom\": \"0px\" } }, \"button\": { \"background-color\": \"#19c6a6\", \":hover\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" }, \":focus\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" } } } }, \"toggle\": { \"styles\": { \"toggle\": { \"background-color\": \"#19c6a6\", \":hover\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" }, \":focus\": { \"background-color\": \"#17b295\" } } } }, \"productSet\": { \"styles\": { \"products\": { \"@media (min-width: 601px)\": { \"margin-left\": \"-20px\" } } } } } }); }); } })(); \/*]]>*\/\n    <\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>I like this basic activity because it involves a bit of collaboration, some pretty straightforward studies and they&#8217;re studies that we&#8217;ll look at in the second unit (Criminology). If you&#8217;ve got any ideas on how to improve it or questions about the studies, please feel free to leave a comment.<\/p>\n<p><em>Updated Aug 2019<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For years I underestimated just how complex psychology studies are at first glance for brand new IB Psychology students, so I&#8217;ve made a deliberate effort in my new course to have a real gradual introduction into studies. For this activity, I like to have students in groups of three to four. They are given four studies from the criminology unit &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/15\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"#ffffff","slide_template_v7":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-criminology","category-teaching-ideas","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lesson Idea: Understanding conclusions from studies | The IB Psychology Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover a collaborative activity for IB Psychology students to comprehend complex studies through a gradual introduction. 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Improve with your ideas!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/15\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-08-15T05:15:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-01T02:44:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande-222x300.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Travis Dixon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827\"},\"headline\":\"Lesson Idea: Understanding conclusions from studies\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-08-15T05:15:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-01T02:44:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":841,\"commentCount\":4,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande-222x300.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Criminology\",\"Teaching Ideas\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lesson Idea: Understanding conclusions from studies | The IB Psychology Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/15\\\/lesson-idea-understanding-conclusions-from-studies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/ib-psych-revision-guide-1_grande-222x300.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-08-15T05:15:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-01T02:44:36+00:00\",\"description\":\"Discover a collaborative activity for IB Psychology students to comprehend complex studies through a gradual introduction. 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It has contributed significantly to our understanding of the brain as it has enabled psychologists to study veterans who have damage to particular areas of the brain and compare\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Biological Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biological Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/biological-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?fit=834%2C579&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?fit=834%2C579&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?fit=834%2C579&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/us-army-troops-taking-break-while-on-patrol-in-vietnam-war.jpg?fit=834%2C579&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":664,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/03\/criminology-introduction\/","url_meta":{"origin":6705,"position":5},"title":"Criminology: Introduction","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/03\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"In the middle of the night on August 1st, 1966, 26-year-old Charles Whitman sat down at his typewriter in his house and began typing a letter. 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