{"id":1563,"date":"2016-10-25T23:31:23","date_gmt":"2016-10-25T23:31:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/101psych.com\/?p=1563"},"modified":"2016-10-25T23:31:23","modified_gmt":"2016-10-25T23:31:23","slug":"key-studies-minimal-group-paradigm-sit-tajfel-et-al","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/25\/key-studies-minimal-group-paradigm-sit-tajfel-et-al\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Studies: Minimal Group Paradigm (SIT &#8211; Tajfel et al)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><strong>Background Information<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Social Identity Theory (read more <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12x6DqPpyMgvwfS88t3el8a8P3L32Ktb4nHLlR7P8zUg\/edit\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>) is a theory that attempts to explain inter-group behaviour, and in particular inter-group conflict, discrimination and prejudice. The theory basically explains how four key\u00a0processes (social comparison, social identity, social categorization and positive distinctiveness) can influence inter-group behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>The theory can be used to explain how group conflict may occur, even when there is no competition for resources (like Sherif proposed in his Realistic Conflict Theory).<\/p>\n<p>A paradigm is a\u00a0&#8220;typical example or pattern of something.&#8221; In psychological research it means a typical experimental design and methodology. Asch&#8217;s paradigm is the design of the experiment using the line lengths test and confederates. The minimal group paradigm involves putting people in groups based on arbitrary criteria (i.e. they&#8217;re meaningless groups &#8211; they have minimal things in common).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methodology of the Minimal Group Paradigm\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <b>minimal group paradigm<\/b> is the typical design used in experiments that inspired and support SIT. The basic idea is that participants (adults and children have been used in studies) are randomly divided into groups. They are then asked to award rewards, prizes or even money to other participants in specially designed booklets. The recipients are anonymous, except for a number and which group they are in (e.g. Member #28, Group X; Member #3, Group Y).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400\">Originally, the Tajfel and Turner\u00a0hypothesized that they would have to gradually increase the similarities between group members before they would observe in-group bias (e.g. positive distinctiveness). They were surprised to learn that even when groups were formed using complete arbitrary criteria, such as flipping a coin, they demonstrated in-group bias. Even when they were directly informed that the groups were meaningless, they still were biased to their in-group.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"> This initial discovery is what lead to further development and elaboration of the SIT; they concluded that the mere existence of an out-group was enough for social comparison and in-group bias to occur. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400\">The findings, from numerous studies, show that the in-group will act favorably towards members of their own in-group. Moreover, they will even sacrifice rewards for themselves to increase the difference in rewards given between the in-group members and the out-group members.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The experiments would often include\u00a0a table like the one below&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><i>Highlight the column of points you want to award your group and the other group. For example, if you want to give your group 12 points, you must give the other group 11.<\/i><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\"><span style=\"font-weight:400\">Points you can give to your ingroup<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">14<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">15<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">16<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\"><span style=\"font-weight:400\">Corresponding points you must give to the outgroup<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">15<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">19<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight:400\">21<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In these experiments, even when the participants don&#8217;t know who else is in their group, they tend to give more rewards to their own group than to the out-group, thus demonstrating in-group bias (e.g. they would give their group 12 and the other group 11, instead of 17 to themselves which would mean they&#8217;d have to give the out-group more). Moreover, many participants selected only 7 points for themselves, which would be 1 point for the other group. This is the biggest difference between the two (6) that they could have chosen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Critical Thinking Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>How do the minimal group paradigm studies support\u00a0Social Identity Theory?<\/li>\n<li>What are the limitations in using the minimal group paradigm results to support SIT?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Background Information Social Identity Theory (read more here) is a theory that attempts to explain inter-group behaviour, and in particular inter-group conflict, discrimination and prejudice. The theory basically explains how four key\u00a0processes (social comparison, social identity, social categorization and positive distinctiveness) can influence inter-group behaviour. The theory can be used to explain how group conflict may occur, even when there &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/25\/key-studies-minimal-group-paradigm-sit-tajfel-et-al\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-social-and-cultural-psychology","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Key Studies: Minimal Group Paradigm (SIT - Tajfel et al) | The IB Psychology Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the connection between Social Identity Theory and group behavior with the minimal group paradigm. 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Learn how social comparison and categorization influence inter-group dynamics.","linkdex":"","metakeywords":"","meta-robots-noindex":"","meta-robots-nofollow":"","meta-robots-adv":"","canonical":"","redirect":"","opengraph-title":"","opengraph-description":"","opengraph-image":"","twitter-title":"","twitter-description":"","twitter-image":""},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1392,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/24\/what-is-social-identity-theory\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":0},"title":"What is Social Identity Theory?","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/24\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The following is a brief description of Tajfel and Turner's SIT. Updated March, 2021 What is Social Identity Theory? Social Identity Theory (SIT) is a theory proposed by Tajfel and Turner that attempts to explain intergroup behaviour, and in particular, conflict, prejudice and discrimination. The theory was an elaboration on\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Social and Cultural Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Social and Cultural Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/social-and-cultural-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-Democrats-Vs-Republicans-Two-383287796.jpg?fit=900%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-Democrats-Vs-Republicans-Two-383287796.jpg?fit=900%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-Democrats-Vs-Republicans-Two-383287796.jpg?fit=900%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-Democrats-Vs-Republicans-Two-383287796.jpg?fit=900%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2566,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/02\/25\/social-identity-theory-a-brief-summary-for-students\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":1},"title":"Social Identity Theory: A Brief Summary for Students","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"02\/25\/2017","format":false,"excerpt":"On the surface, Tajfel and Turner's\u00a0social identity theory\u00a0can seem complex as there are multiple parts and some of the ideas are really abstract. In our themantic approach we try to break it down, lesson-by-lesson so each of the major concepts of social identity theory are introduced gradually. Remember that one\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Revision and Exam Preparation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Revision and Exam Preparation","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/revision-and-exam-preparation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-a-group-of-young-people-dancin-25984400.jpg?fit=1200%2C867&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-a-group-of-young-people-dancin-25984400.jpg?fit=1200%2C867&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-a-group-of-young-people-dancin-25984400.jpg?fit=1200%2C867&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-a-group-of-young-people-dancin-25984400.jpg?fit=1200%2C867&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-a-group-of-young-people-dancin-25984400.jpg?fit=1200%2C867&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1845,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/02\/16\/social-identity-theory\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":2},"title":"Tajfel and Turner\u2019s Social Identity Theory","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"02\/16\/2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Why does my blog have three different posts explaining social identity theory? Because for the first few years teaching this theory I had to write it out for myself to fully comprehend it. It's difficult to understand at first. My best advice is to always remember that its' a\u00a0theory of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Key Studies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Key Studies","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/key-studies\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-Black-Sheep-In-The-Flock-103636064.jpg?fit=900%2C822&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-Black-Sheep-In-The-Flock-103636064.jpg?fit=900%2C822&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-Black-Sheep-In-The-Flock-103636064.jpg?fit=900%2C822&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/02\/bigstock-Black-Sheep-In-The-Flock-103636064.jpg?fit=900%2C822&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1596,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/26\/evaluating-psychological-theories\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":3},"title":"Evaluating Psychological Theories","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/26\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Updated Aug 2020 Remember that before you can begin to evaluate a psychological theory you must first know and understand\u00a0the theory in question. Once you know and understand the theory, including what it is a theory of (i.e. what it's attempt to explain and how) and the key components of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Assessment (IB)&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Assessment (IB)","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/assessment-ib\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-200958328.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-200958328.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-200958328.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/10\/bigstock-200958328.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":12011,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/04\/23\/exam-question-bank-paper-1-sociocultural-approach\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":4},"title":"Exam Question Bank: Paper 1: Sociocultural Approach","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"04\/23\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Disclaimer: These questions are not IB \"official\" questions and are written with our best guess as to what the probable exam questions may look like. Therefore, not every\u00a0possible question is covered. Read More: IB Psychology Exam Question Banks Paper 1: Biological approach (Link) Paper 1: Cognitive approach (Link) Paper 1:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Assessment (IB)&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Assessment (IB)","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/assessment-ib\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-2.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-2.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-2.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-2.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1459,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/25\/what-is-a-psychological-theory\/","url_meta":{"origin":1563,"position":5},"title":"What is a psychological theory?","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/25\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"In the IB Psychology course there are a range of theories that students need to be familiar with. But it's easy to dive straight into the complex assignments like evaluating these theories, and to overlook asking the simple questions. Here are just some of the theories that may be relevant*\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1563"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1563\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}