{"id":14307,"date":"2021-10-04T10:34:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-04T01:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/?p=14307"},"modified":"2021-10-04T10:34:34","modified_gmt":"2021-10-04T01:34:34","slug":"key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>Background Information<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The multi-store model of memory (<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XvYPgdKhviIVvhnGMLQmA3vmAKFABRfh6zMXdgaxUqM\/edit\">MSM<\/a>), while straightforward, seemingly common sense, and with plenty of empirical support, is not without its limitations. Do you really need to pay attention to, and rehearse, all sensory information in order for it to be transferred to your long-term memory? Take, for instance, experiences of traumatic or emotionally shocking events (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1leVnKK7ccHVdbPGY8TV04MCEbDKuJvj5SC8TmglEnVc\/edit\">Flashbulb memories<\/a>). Why do these memories seem to skip the STS and end up straight in our LTS? Do you find it easier to remember what you learn in school if you can apply it your own life?<\/p>\n<p>What the MSM fails to address is that we don\u2019t process all sensory information in the same way. Some requires very little cognitive effort to process (e.g. recognising a colour), while others take much more cognitive effort (e.g. figuring out the meaning of a word you don\u2019t know based on the context in which it\u2019s used).<\/p>\n<p>Craik and Lockhart&#8217;s <strong>Levels of Processing (LOP)<\/strong> <strong>model<\/strong> aimed to address the processing of information that was missing from the MSM.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Description of the Model<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In 1972, Craik and Lockhart proposed a new model of memory formation related to <em>depth of processing. <\/em>They theorized that not all sensory information is processed the same and thus is transferred to our LTS at different rates. That is to say, information that requires more cognitive processing (\u201cdeeper processing\u201d) will be more likely remembered than information requiring shallow processing.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Thus, the fundamental claim of the LOP model is that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>According to LOP model, there are three levels at which information can be processed. In order from shallowest to deepest, they are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Structural Level<\/strong>; the physical characteristics of sensory information (e.g. shape, colour, size);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phonological Level: <\/strong>the sounds of information;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semantic Level: <\/strong>the meaning of the information processed;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thus, the fundamental claim of the LOP model is that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Supporting Studies<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Craik and Tulving conducted an experiment to determine whether the level of processing has an influence on recall. They used the <a href=\"http:\/\/penta.ufrgs.br\/edu\/telelab\/3\/incident.htm\">incidental learning paradigm<\/a> in their studies, which is when participants are <em>not <\/em>told explicitly that they will be tested.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers carried out numerous experiments<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> to demonstrate their findings. One of these experiments involved 24 paid male and female participants who were presented with 60 questions and a five letter, one syllable, concrete noun as a possible response (e.g. shark; cloud; crate). The questions were written in a way so that participants either had to select \u201cyes\u201d or \u201cno\u201d as the correct answer (they had their hands on either button to signify their answer). The participants were told the experimenters were researching perception and speed of reaction. The types of questions required participants to process the information at different levels.<\/p>\n<p>For instance:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Structural: \u201cIs the word in capital letters.?\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Phonological: \u201cDoes the word rhyme with WEIGHT?\u201d\u2019<\/li>\n<li>Semantic: \u201cWould the word fit in the sentence: \u201cHe met a <u>\u2026\u2026.<\/u> in the street?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The researchers measured the time it took participants to provide an answer (latency) and how many words participants could correctly recall from a list of 180 (the 60 original + 120 \u201cdistractors\u201d). Participants were asked to circle those words they identified. The results supported their hypothesis: words that were processed semantically had the highest rate of accurate recall %, second was phonological and finally there was structural.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The researchers replicated their experimental design numerous times, with slight modifications to test different hypotheses. The results of these experiments supported the original hypothesis: the deeper the information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Critical Thinking Questions <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What are the strengths and limitations of the LOP model of memory? (<strong>Evaluation)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>How do the results of LOP experiments using the incidental learning paradigm challenge aspects of the MSM? (<strong>Analysis; Application; Synthesis; Evaluation)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>How could you apply principles from the LOP (and MSM) to your own life? (<strong>Application)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>References <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Craik, Fergus I. M., and Endel Tulving. &#8220;Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory.&#8221; <em>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General<\/em> 104.3 (1975): 268-94. Web. Accessed from <a href=\"http:\/\/alicekim.ca\/CraikTulving1975.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Gross, Richard D. <em>Key Studies in Psychology<\/em>. London: Hodder &amp; Stoughton, 2003. Print.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> Craik and Lockhart claim that LOP is <em>not <\/em>a theory of memory &#8211; it\u2019s a framework for investigating memory. (Gross, p56). Thus, we\u2019ll refer to it as a <em>model, <\/em>as opposed to a theory.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> If you are doing your IA based on LOP, you <em>need <\/em>to read this original<a href=\"http:\/\/alicekim.ca\/CraikTulving1975.pdf\"> full report<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Their full report consists of ten different experiments, so you don\u2019t need to know precise results.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Background Information The multi-store model of memory (MSM), while straightforward, seemingly common sense, and with plenty of empirical support, is not without its limitations. Do you really need to pay attention to, and rehearse, all sensory information in order for it to be transferred to your long-term memory? Take, for instance, experiences of traumatic or emotionally shocking events (e.g. Flashbulb &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cognitive-psychology","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how Craik and Lockhart&#039;s Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how Craik and Lockhart&#039;s Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Travis Dixon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827\"},\"headline\":\"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975)\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":782,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Cognitive Psychology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/\",\"name\":\"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"Discover how Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/04\\\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\",\"name\":\"IB Psychology\",\"description\":\"by Themantic Education\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Themantic Education\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/06\\\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/06\\\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1\",\"width\":1465,\"height\":1858,\"caption\":\"Themantic Education\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/facebook.com\\\/themanticeducation\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/youtube.com\\\/c\\\/themanticeducation\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827\",\"name\":\"Travis Dixon\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Travis Dixon\"},\"description\":\"Travis Dixon has been teaching for over 20 years and is an experienced IB Psychology, History and English teacher, author, workshop leader and examiner\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/author\\\/tdixon\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog","description":"Discover how Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog","og_description":"Discover how Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/","og_site_name":"The IB Psychology Blog","article_publisher":"https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/","article_published_time":"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00","author":"Travis Dixon","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Travis Dixon","Estimated reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/"},"author":{"name":"Travis Dixon","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/person\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827"},"headline":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975)","datePublished":"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/"},"wordCount":782,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Cognitive Psychology"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/","name":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975) | The IB Psychology Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-10-04T01:34:34+00:00","description":"Discover how Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/key-study-levels-of-processing-craik-and-tulving-1975\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Key Study: Levels of Processing (Craik and Tulving, 1975)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/","name":"IB Psychology","description":"by Themantic Education","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization","name":"Themantic Education","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/06\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/06\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1","width":1465,"height":1858,"caption":"Themantic Education"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/","https:\/\/youtube.com\/c\/themanticeducation\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/person\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827","name":"Travis Dixon","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Travis Dixon"},"description":"Travis Dixon has been teaching for over 20 years and is an experienced IB Psychology, History and English teacher, author, workshop leader and examiner","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/author\/tdixon\/"}]}},"yoast":{"focuskw":"levels of processing","title":"","metadesc":"Discover how Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing model revolutionized our understanding of memory formation, showing that the deeper information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered.","linkdex":"","metakeywords":"","meta-robots-noindex":"","meta-robots-nofollow":"","meta-robots-adv":"","canonical":"","redirect":"","opengraph-title":"","opengraph-description":"","opengraph-image":"","twitter-title":"","twitter-description":"","twitter-image":""},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":14305,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/the-multi-store-model-of-memory-atkinson-and-shiffrin-1968\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":0},"title":"The multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/04\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"50 years later and Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory (aka the modal model) is still relevant today. This post summarizes the model in more detail than most introductory Psychology textbooks, which will give you the chance to distinguish your explanations from the rest.\u00a0 Background The multi-store model of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cognitive Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/cognitive-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Memory_multistore_model.png?fit=1148%2C313&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Memory_multistore_model.png?fit=1148%2C313&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Memory_multistore_model.png?fit=1148%2C313&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Memory_multistore_model.png?fit=1148%2C313&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Memory_multistore_model.png?fit=1148%2C313&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14455,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/11\/09\/example-essay-contrast-two-models-of-memory\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":1},"title":"Example essay: Contrast two models of memory","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/09\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Of the command terms for IB Psychology essays, \"contrast\" is the hardest to write. Here is an example essay that contrasts two models of memory. Please note - this essay is not written with the intention that you will memorize it. That is a highly inefficient way to study. It's\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cognitive Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/cognitive-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/11\/chess-g90c1fc6d6_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/11\/chess-g90c1fc6d6_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/11\/chess-g90c1fc6d6_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/11\/chess-g90c1fc6d6_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/11\/chess-g90c1fc6d6_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14309,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/limitations-of-the-multi-store-model-of-memory-atkinson-and-shiffrin-1968\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":2},"title":"Limitations of the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/04\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Atkinson and Shiffrin's MSM is over 50 years old yet it's still in every introduction to Psychology textbook and still influences modern psychologists. But it's not without its critics. This post will examine some of their critiques. Because the MSM was so popular, it received a lot of criticism. But\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cognitive Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/cognitive-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/thumb-440352.jpeg?fit=1162%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/thumb-440352.jpeg?fit=1162%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/thumb-440352.jpeg?fit=1162%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/thumb-440352.jpeg?fit=1162%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/thumb-440352.jpeg?fit=1162%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14322,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/10\/04\/fun-facts-about-the-multi-store-model-of-memory\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":3},"title":"Four things you didn&#8217;t know about the multi-store model of memory","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/04\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"It's in all the textbooks and every introduction to psychology course, but here are some things you didn't know about Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory.\u00a0 #1. There's a store within the store The short-term store is where we temporarily hold information in our working memory. If it's rehearsed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cognitive Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/cognitive-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/surprised-6390054_1920.jpeg?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/surprised-6390054_1920.jpeg?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/surprised-6390054_1920.jpeg?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/surprised-6390054_1920.jpeg?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/surprised-6390054_1920.jpeg?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14038,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/23\/the-5-best-theories-for-the-ia\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":4},"title":"The 5 best theories for the IA","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"04\/23\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"In this post I'll outline the five theories I think are the best to base your experiment on. I'll suggest some good studies that go with those theories.\u00a0 We always think about the IA based on the key study being replicated. But since the most important thing is the background\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Internal Assessment (IB)&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Internal Assessment (IB)","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/internal-assessment-ib\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/puzzle-5708607__340.jpeg?fit=510%2C340&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12004,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/04\/18\/exam-question-bank-paper-1-cognitive-approach\/","url_meta":{"origin":14307,"position":5},"title":"Exam Question Bank: Paper 1: Cognitive Approach","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"04\/18\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Disclaimer: These questions are not IB \"official\" questions and are written with our best guess as to what the probable exam questions may look like. Therefore, not every\u00a0possible question is covered. READ MORE\u00a0 IB Psychology Exam Question Banks Paper 1: Biological approach (Link) Paper 1: Sociocultural approach (Link) Paper 1:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Assessment (IB)&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Assessment (IB)","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/assessment-ib\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-1-3.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-1-3.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-1-3.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/bigstock-Huge-Armored-Door-In-The-Banki-285200929-1-3.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14307"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14317,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14307\/revisions\/14317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}