{"id":13963,"date":"2021-04-06T11:46:48","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T02:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/?p=13963"},"modified":"2021-04-06T16:37:43","modified_gmt":"2021-04-06T07:37:43","slug":"correlational-studies-on-ptsd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/","title":{"rendered":"Correlational studies on PTSD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_13964\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.themantic-education.com\/collections\/chapters\/products\/ib-psychology-a-students-guide-ptsd-ebook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13964\" class=\"wp-image-13964 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=790%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 790w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=768%2C995&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=1185%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1185w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=1580%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1580w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=100%2C130&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=906%2C1174&amp;ssl=1 906w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?resize=1200%2C1555&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/eBook-C4-cover.png?w=2358&amp;ssl=1 2358w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-13964\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our PTSD eBook for IB Psychology&#8217;s Abnormal Psychology option is now available from our <a href=\"https:\/\/store.themantic-education.com\/collections\/chapters\/products\/ib-psychology-a-students-guide-ptsd-ebook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online store<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Correlational studies are one of the most commonly used research methods in the study of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this post we&#8217;ll review WHAT correlational studies are, HOW they&#8217;re used to study PTSD and WHY they&#8217;re used. We&#8217;ll also review three key studies that can support this explanation.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Research methods essays are the hardest to write, but that also means you have the potential to easily distinguish yourself from the rest. The following will help you do just that.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read more:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/11\/28\/biological-etiology-of-ptsd-abnormalities-in-the-brain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biological Etiology of PTSD: Abnormalities in the brain<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/03\/17\/exam-tips-how-to-write-a-research-methods-essay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exam Tips: How to write a research methods essay<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/08\/07\/mr-dixons-experiences-with-ptsd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mr. Dixon&#8217;s experiences with PTSD<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>What is a correlational study?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Correlational studies <\/strong>involve gathering data on two or more variables (called <strong>co-variables<\/strong>) and calculating a <strong>correlation coefficient <\/strong>to see how strongly they are related. A <strong>positive correlation <\/strong>is when one variable increases so do the other. A <strong>negative correlation <\/strong>happens when one variable decreases while the other increases.\u00a0 The coefficient can range in value from -1.0 to + 1.0. A zero would be no correlation, a weak correlation is about 0.2-0.4, moderate is 0.4 to 0.6 and anything over 0.6 is considered a strong correlation.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13965\" style=\"width: 259px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13965\" class=\"wp-image-13965\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=249%2C221&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=300%2C266&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=1024%2C908&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=768%2C681&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=100%2C89&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=906%2C803&amp;ssl=1 906w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?resize=1200%2C1064&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/hippocampus-148151_1280.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13965\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The volume of the hippocampus is one variable that has been correlated with PTSD symptoms.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>How are they used to study PTSD?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Researchers gather data on the co-variables using questionnaires, interviews or other methods. In studies on PTSD, the Clinically Administered PTSD Scale (<strong>CAPS)<\/strong> is the tool most commonly used to gather data on PTSD symptoms. This is a structured interview that measures the severity of PTSD symptoms. Participants scores are then correlated with another variable that is hypothesized to have an effect on PTSD symptoms. Examples include volume and activity in particular areas of the brain (e.g. the hippocampus), cognitive appraisal styles and income (see example studies below).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Why are they used to study PTSD?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_13972\" style=\"width: 220px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13972\" class=\" wp-image-13972\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891.jpeg?resize=210%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=906%2C906&amp;ssl=1 906w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?resize=1200%2C1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/bigstock-Glum-Girl-During-Psychotherapy-134612891-scaled.jpeg?w=2358&amp;ssl=1 2358w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13972\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Correlational studies are used on people who already have PTSD because it would be unethical to conduct an experiment where you expose people to traumatic events.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Correlational studies are commonly used when researchers are studying relationships between variables that cannot be manipulated in a laboratory setting. In studies on PTSD it is often the case that one or more of the covariables in the study would be difficult (if not impossible) to manipulate in a laboratory setting. It would be unethical, for example, to conduct an experiment to see if altering someone&#8217;s brain activity could cause symptoms of PTSD since this would cause harm (and might be irreversible). Animal experiments are a common alternative, but these are limited because animal models of PTSD might not generalize to humans. We can also only experiment on biological variables on animals, factors like income and appraisals cannot be manipulated in animal experimentation.<\/p>\n<p>Another reason correlational studies are used is because PTSD is caused by experiencing a traumatic event. This makes conducting experiments difficult because it is unethical to traumatize someone for the purposes of research. Therefore, correlational studies gather data on participants who have already experienced some kind of trauma, like being in combat or a car accident.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div  class=\"x-video embed with-container\" ><div class=\"x-video-inner\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vmwZURtaG8o\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Example Studies\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gilbertson et al. (2002) <\/strong>conducted a twin study on the hippocampus and PTSD. They found a negative correlation between hippocampal volume and PTSD symptoms in war veterans who had developed chronic PTSD (r = -0.64). This means those with smaller hippocampi tended to have worse symptoms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hitchcock et al. (2015) <\/strong>conducted a study on kids and teenagers (7-17 years old). They used a CAPs scale adapted for children while the kids were in hospital being treated following a traumatic event (e.g., road traffic accident) and again six months later. They found that negative appraisals were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms (r = 0.31). This means more negative appraisals increased the risk for PTSD symptoms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Irish et al. (2011)\u00a0<\/strong>conducted a study on gender differences in PTSD in a sample of people who had been in car accidents. They gathered their data on the participants while they were in hospital.\u00a0 They found that women were more at risk for PTSD following a car accident. They also found that income was negatively correlated with initial PTSD symptoms (r = 0.20), after six weeks (-0.16) and after six months (-0.23). This supports other studies that show people with less income and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (i.e. financially poor people) are more at risk for PTSD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_13966\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13966\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13966\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=300%2C122&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=300%2C122&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=1024%2C417&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=768%2C313&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=100%2C41&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=906%2C369&amp;ssl=1 906w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?resize=1200%2C489&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56.png?w=1354&amp;ssl=1 1354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13966\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Are the studies above strong, moderate or weak correlations?<\/p><\/div>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Exam Tip:\u00a0<\/strong>The above three studies are excellent examples because they all used CAPs to measure PTSD symptoms and they also calculate correlation coefficients. They also represent each of the three approaches (biological, cognitive and sociocultural).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>But&#8230;.<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>No discussion of the research methods used in the study of PTSD is complete without considering the downsides. Here are some questions to get you thinking about the limitations of using correlational studies in the etiology of abnormal psychology.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Correlation does not mean causation:<\/strong>\u00a0This is the fundamental limitation of correlational studies. How can you make this point using the above studies? (You can watch this video explaining <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/D40MubVRGpw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how to evaluate correlational studies<\/a> <em>properly<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Analyze the correlation coefficients:\u00a0<\/strong>Review the summary of weak vs. strong correlations at the top of this page. What can you say about the conclusions from this study? What should researchers (and readers) bear in mind when discussing these findings?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"citation-text\">Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, Kasai K, Lasko NB, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci. 2002 Nov;5(11):1242-7. doi: 10.1038\/nn958. PMID: 12379862; PMCID: PMC2819093. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12379862\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hitchcock, C., Ellis, A. A., Williamson, P., &amp; Nixon, R. (2015). The Prospective Role of Cognitive Appraisals and Social Support in Predicting Children&#8217;s Posttraumatic Stress.\u00a0<i>Journal of abnormal child psychology<\/i>,\u00a0<i>43<\/i>(8), 1485\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-0034-7. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4607721\/\">Link<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Irish, L. A., Fischer, B., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., Sledjeski, E. M., &amp; Delahanty, D. L. (2011). Gender differences in PTSD symptoms: an exploration of peritraumatic mechanisms.\u00a0<i>Journal of anxiety disorders<\/i>,\u00a0<i>25<\/i>(2), 209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.004. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3031659\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Correlational studies are one of the most commonly used research methods in the study of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this post we&#8217;ll review WHAT correlational studies are, HOW they&#8217;re used to study PTSD and WHY they&#8217;re used. We&#8217;ll also review three key studies that can support this explanation.\u00a0 Research methods essays are the hardest to write, but that also &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":13969,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,26,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abnormal-psychology","category-post-traumatic-stress-disorder","category-research-methodology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1354\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"552\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Travis Dixon\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Travis Dixon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827\"},\"headline\":\"Correlational studies on PTSD\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1048,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1\",\"articleSection\":[\"Abnormal Psychology\",\"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder\",\"Research Methodology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/\",\"name\":\"Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00\",\"description\":\"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1\",\"width\":1354,\"height\":552,\"caption\":\"Research methods essays are the hardest to write, but that also means you have the potential to easily distinguish yourself from the rest. The details in this blog post will help you do just that.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/06\\\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Correlational studies on PTSD\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\",\"name\":\"IB Psychology\",\"description\":\"by Themantic Education\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Themantic Education\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/06\\\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/06\\\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1\",\"width\":1465,\"height\":1858,\"caption\":\"Themantic Education\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/facebook.com\\\/themanticeducation\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/youtube.com\\\/c\\\/themanticeducation\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827\",\"name\":\"Travis Dixon\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Travis Dixon\"},\"description\":\"Travis Dixon has been teaching for over 20 years and is an experienced IB Psychology, History and English teacher, author, workshop leader and examiner\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.themantic-education.com\\\/ibpsych\\\/author\\\/tdixon\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog","description":"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog","og_description":"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/","og_site_name":"The IB Psychology Blog","article_publisher":"https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/","article_published_time":"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1354,"height":552,"url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Travis Dixon","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Travis Dixon","Estimated reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/"},"author":{"name":"Travis Dixon","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/person\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827"},"headline":"Correlational studies on PTSD","datePublished":"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/"},"wordCount":1048,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","articleSection":["Abnormal Psychology","Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","Research Methodology"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/","name":"Correlational studies on PTSD | The IB Psychology Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","datePublished":"2021-04-06T02:46:48+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-06T07:37:43+00:00","description":"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","width":1354,"height":552,"caption":"Research methods essays are the hardest to write, but that also means you have the potential to easily distinguish yourself from the rest. The details in this blog post will help you do just that."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/04\/06\/correlational-studies-on-ptsd\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Correlational studies on PTSD"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/","name":"IB Psychology","description":"by Themantic Education","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#organization","name":"Themantic Education","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/06\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/06\/them-ed-logo.png?fit=1465%2C1858&ssl=1","width":1465,"height":1858,"caption":"Themantic Education"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/facebook.com\/themanticeducation\/","https:\/\/youtube.com\/c\/themanticeducation\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/#\/schema\/person\/de20f76afd22df7d71e141ab515c0827","name":"Travis Dixon","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6ee7465953db9edfb653802c2423ee0be4456f3cf73a4ae4032bdda760a9a5e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Travis Dixon"},"description":"Travis Dixon has been teaching for over 20 years and is an experienced IB Psychology, History and English teacher, author, workshop leader and examiner","url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/author\/tdixon\/"}]}},"yoast":{"focuskw":"","title":"","metadesc":"Discover how correlational studies are used to understand the complex relationship between variables and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn the limitations and review key studies in this informative post.","linkdex":"","metakeywords":"","meta-robots-noindex":"","meta-robots-nofollow":"","meta-robots-adv":"","canonical":"","redirect":"","opengraph-title":"","opengraph-description":"","opengraph-image":"","twitter-title":"","twitter-description":"","twitter-image":""},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-06-at-11.25.56-1.png?fit=1354%2C552&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":11474,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/11\/28\/biological-etiology-of-ptsd-abnormalities-in-the-brain\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":0},"title":"Biological Etiology of PTSD: Abnormalities in the brain","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/28\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Updated, July 2020 After teaching my unit on PTSD (Chapter 4), I found that my students developed a really good understanding of how PTSD is not explainable by a single etiology, but rather it is the product of multiple-interacting factors. While this is great, it does mean that when the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png?fit=500%2C379&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":13696,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2021\/01\/20\/abnormal-psychology-in-7-studies\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":1},"title":"Abnormal Psychology in 7 Studies","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"01\/20\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"A challenging aspect of the IB Psychology course is remembering all the studies. It can be made easier. With some careful course planning (by teachers) and wise studying (by students), the Abnormal Psychology option could be covered in 7 studies.\u00a0 The IB Guide states that \"Each option is divided into\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/bigstock-Exams-Test-Student-In-School-321774013-1.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/bigstock-Exams-Test-Student-In-School-321774013-1.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/bigstock-Exams-Test-Student-In-School-321774013-1.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/bigstock-Exams-Test-Student-In-School-321774013-1.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":11494,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/11\/30\/socio-cultural-etiology-of-ptsd-socioeconomic-status\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":2},"title":"Socio-cultural Etiology of PTSD: Socioeconomic status","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/30\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"When you are writing an essay on etiologies, keep it simple to begin with. Find one basic etiology (brain abnormalities, appraisals or socioeconomic status) and explain how and why that's linked with PTSD. Use simple studies to begin with, and then later in your essay explore the interactions\u00a0of bio, cog\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-203281093.jpg?fit=900%2C712&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-203281093.jpg?fit=900%2C712&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-203281093.jpg?fit=900%2C712&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-203281093.jpg?fit=900%2C712&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":11487,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/11\/29\/cognitive-etiology-of-ptsd-appraisals\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":3},"title":"Cognitive Etiology of PTSD: Appraisals","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/29\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Updated July 2020 You can prepare for Paper 2 - Abnormal Psychology - by getting ready to answer any question from just the \"Etiologies of abnormal psychology\" topic. If you are using this strategy, you need to make sure you can explain biological, cognitive and sociocultural etiologies.\u00a0 Etiology - Cognitive\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-Headache-Girl-High-Blood-Pres-249271972.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-Headache-Girl-High-Blood-Pres-249271972.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-Headache-Girl-High-Blood-Pres-249271972.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/11\/bigstock-Headache-Girl-High-Blood-Pres-249271972.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":12472,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/11\/20\/exam-tip-etiologies-of-abnormal-psychology\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":4},"title":"Exam Tip: Etiologies of Abnormal Psychology","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/20\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"As my students are preparing for an essay test this week on the topic \"Etiology of Abnormal Psychology,\" I thought I would share some advice on how to write good essays. The advice gets more specific and complex and the post goes on, so if nothing else I'd strongly recommend\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/11\/bigstock-Writer-Writing-On-Computer-Pap-240953329.jpg?fit=900%2C702&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/11\/bigstock-Writer-Writing-On-Computer-Pap-240953329.jpg?fit=900%2C702&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/11\/bigstock-Writer-Writing-On-Computer-Pap-240953329.jpg?fit=900%2C702&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/11\/bigstock-Writer-Writing-On-Computer-Pap-240953329.jpg?fit=900%2C702&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":10452,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/11\/15\/exam-tip-how-to-explain-prevalence-of-disorders\/","url_meta":{"origin":13963,"position":5},"title":"Exam Tip: How to explain prevalence of disorders","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/15\/2017","format":false,"excerpt":"If you're studying Abnormal Psychology as one of your options in IB Psychology it's important that you can explain differences in prevalence rates. In the old syllabus you have to:\u00a0Discuss cultural and gender variations in the prevalence of (one or more) disorders. In the new syllabus it just states: Prevalence\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Abnormal Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Abnormal Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/abnormal-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-ptsd-concept-battlefield-scen-80752214.jpg?fit=1200%2C850&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-ptsd-concept-battlefield-scen-80752214.jpg?fit=1200%2C850&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-ptsd-concept-battlefield-scen-80752214.jpg?fit=1200%2C850&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-ptsd-concept-battlefield-scen-80752214.jpg?fit=1200%2C850&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-ptsd-concept-battlefield-scen-80752214.jpg?fit=1200%2C850&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13963"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13977,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13963\/revisions\/13977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13969"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}