{"id":13582,"date":"2020-11-10T05:48:01","date_gmt":"2020-11-09T20:48:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/?p=13582"},"modified":"2022-09-19T17:26:00","modified_gmt":"2022-09-19T08:26:00","slug":"generalizability-in-animal-studies-cognition-and-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2020\/11\/10\/generalizability-in-animal-studies-cognition-and-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"Generalizability in Animal Studies: Cognition and Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Generalizability is the extent to which we can confidently predict the results of a study would apply to a different context, including different people, places, and procedures. When considering the extent to which we can generalize findings from animal studies, we are considering how confidently we could predict the same finding in humans.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For example, animal studies like Sapolsky&#8217;s research on baboon&#8217;s (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2020\/10\/08\/key-study-social-status-and-stress-in-olive-baboons-sapolsky-1990\/\">read more<\/a>) have found that lower ranking baboons have higher cortisol levels. But does this mean that low status correlates with high stress? Even \u201cprimatologists themselves have warned repeatedly about over-generalizing from primate data to human societies,\u201d (Petticrew and Smith, 2012)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read More:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/04\/15\/so-you-want-to-assess-ecological-validity\/\">So you want to assess ecological validity?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/02\/09\/lesson-idea-understanding-generalizability-and-population-validity\/\">Lesson Idea: Understanding generalizability and population validity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/11\/03\/so-you-want-to-assess-population-validity\/\">So you want to assess population validity?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When considering the generalizability of animal research, a good tip is to remember C&amp;C: <strong>culture and cognition.<\/strong> \u00a0Our cultures and cognitive processes are more complex than other animals. Specific differences in this regard could affect generalizability of animal findings. If you can give a good reason how or why our thinking or environment could affect the connection between two variables found in animal studies, it will raise your evaluations beyond the vague generic statements like &#8220;this was an animal study so it doesn&#8217;t apply to humans.&#8221; Such oversimplified statements are not examples of critical thinking.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at an example&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rosenzweig and Bennet (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/12\/10\/key-study-animal-research-on-neuroplasticity-rosenzweig-and-bennett-1961\/\">Read More<\/a>): Environment and Brain Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This study found that rats living in cages by themselves with just food and water and no other stimulation had less development in their brains compared to rats in cages with social groups, toys and maze training. The conclusion is, therefore, that our environment can affect our brain development and if we&#8217;re in deprived environments our brains won&#8217;t grow as much. But consider the advanced cognition of humans &#8211; we can sit in an isolated room for hours and meditate, or daydream, or use our imaginations. We know that cognition, not just our environment, affects brain development, too. So in some extreme situations, the results might not apply. For example, monks who live rather austere lifestyles but spend hours meditating have <em>more\u00a0<\/em>developed PFCs than other people. The animal model, therefore, gives us an insight into possible factors affecting human brain development, but there are situations where this might be limited.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Teacher Tip: <\/strong>When you start writing your own critical thinking examples you&#8217;ll find that it invariably relies on using personal knowledge. This is why the themantic model uses a bottom-up approach: building knowledge brick-by-brick before extending students with critical thinking.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Sapolsky (1990) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2020\/10\/08\/key-study-social-status-and-stress-in-olive-baboons-sapolsky-1990\/\">Read More<\/a>): Social Status and Stress<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sapolsky found that lower ranking baboons are hypercortisolemic &#8211; they have elevated levels of stress hormones.\u00a0Can you think of ways that human cognition or culture might affect the link between status and stress?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:\u00a0<\/strong>This material has been designed to help students with a critical thinking extension task in our upcoming &#8220;Stress&#8221; unit for Health Psychology. I&#8217;ll update this post with the links when it&#8217;s published.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Generalizability is the extent to which we can confidently predict the results of a study would apply to a different context, including different people, places, and procedures. When considering the extent to which we can generalize findings from animal studies, we are considering how confidently we could predict the same finding in humans. For example, animal studies like Sapolsky&#8217;s research &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2020\/11\/10\/generalizability-in-animal-studies-cognition-and-culture\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,102,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biological-psychology","category-health-psychology","category-research-methodology","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Generalizability in Animal Studies: Cognition and Culture | The IB Psychology Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how the concept of generalizability applies to animal studies, and how factors like culture and cognition can impact their validity. Explore real-life examples from Rosenzweig and Sapolsky&#039;s research.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2020\/11\/10\/generalizability-in-animal-studies-cognition-and-culture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Generalizability in Animal Studies: Cognition and Culture | The IB Psychology Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how the concept of generalizability applies to animal studies, and how factors like culture and cognition can impact their validity. 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One reason could be because they are less stressed.\u00a0 A lot of our knowledge\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Health Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Health Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/health-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/bigstock-Male-Olive-Baboons-papio-Anub-47578159.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/bigstock-Male-Olive-Baboons-papio-Anub-47578159.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/bigstock-Male-Olive-Baboons-papio-Anub-47578159.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/bigstock-Male-Olive-Baboons-papio-Anub-47578159.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":11778,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/02\/09\/lesson-idea-understanding-generalizability-and-population-validity\/","url_meta":{"origin":13582,"position":1},"title":"Lesson Idea: Understanding generalizability and population validity","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"02\/09\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"If you want to write excellent evaluations of psychological studies then\u00a0generalizability\u00a0is a really important term to know. It's also called\u00a0external validity and it refers to the extent to which we could expect the same results in a different context (i.e. do the results apply beyond the study, external to the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Studies and Theories&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Studies and Theories","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/studies-and-theories\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/02\/pexels-photo-1844648.jpeg?fit=960%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/02\/pexels-photo-1844648.jpeg?fit=960%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/02\/pexels-photo-1844648.jpeg?fit=960%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/02\/pexels-photo-1844648.jpeg?fit=960%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":10679,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2018\/02\/25\/lesson-idea-generalizability-external-validity\/","url_meta":{"origin":13582,"position":2},"title":"Lesson Idea: Generalizability (External Validity)","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"02\/25\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"The Task Read the following fictional\u00a0summaries of how people have applied results from psychological studies. Identify one or more reasons why the application is misguided and might not work. #1 Social Media and Anxiety:\u00a0One study in the USA showed a\u00a0correlation between social media and anxiety so a school in Japan\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Research Methodology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Research Methodology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/research-methodology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/02\/bigstock-178852840.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/02\/bigstock-178852840.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/02\/bigstock-178852840.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/02\/bigstock-178852840.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/02\/bigstock-178852840.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1656,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2016\/10\/26\/evaluating-psychological-studies-quantitative\/","url_meta":{"origin":13582,"position":3},"title":"Evaluating Psychological Studies (Quantitative)","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"10\/26\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Introduction An evaluation requires the explanation of strengths and limitations. Thus, in order to evaluate anything we need to first understand its purpose or what it's trying to do. So before you can evaluate a study in psychology you must first know and understand what the study is trying to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Research Methodology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Research Methodology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/research-methodology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11969,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2019\/04\/04\/exam-question-bank-hl-extension-bio-animal-studies\/","url_meta":{"origin":13582,"position":4},"title":"Exam Question Bank: HL Extension Bio &#8211;  Animal Studies","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"04\/04\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"One, two or all three essay questions in Paper 1, Section B will be based on the extension topics. Biological Approach: Animal Research Remember that the extension questions are created by combining the HL extension topics with the three topics in each of the approaches.\u00a0 Biological extension topics: \u201cThe role\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Biological Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biological Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/biological-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/Bio-Ext-Exam-Bank.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/Bio-Ext-Exam-Bank.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/Bio-Ext-Exam-Bank.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/Bio-Ext-Exam-Bank.jpg?fit=900%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":10345,"url":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/2017\/11\/03\/so-you-want-to-assess-population-validity\/","url_meta":{"origin":13582,"position":5},"title":"So you want to assess population validity?","author":"Travis Dixon","date":"11\/03\/2017","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 If you're reading this it might be because you've written something like this in your answer and tried to fob it off as critical thinking: \"One of the limitations of this study was that it has a small sample size and so lacks population validity.\"\u00a0 The thing to remember\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Revision and Exam Preparation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Revision and Exam Preparation","link":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/category\/revision-and-exam-preparation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-native-brazilian-man-from-tupi-188757682.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-native-brazilian-man-from-tupi-188757682.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-native-brazilian-man-from-tupi-188757682.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/11\/bigstock-native-brazilian-man-from-tupi-188757682.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13582"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13582\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13585,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13582\/revisions\/13585"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.themantic-education.com\/ibpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}